MMP‑sensitive PEG hydrogel modified with RGD promotes bFGF, VEGF and EPC‑mediated angiogenesis

Traumatic soft tissue defects such as bedsores, chronic skin ulcers, limb necrosis, osteonecrosis and other ischemic orthopedic diseases are the most clinically intractable and common problems in orthopedics due to unsatisfactory conventional treatments. The present study designed poly(ethylene glycol; PEG) hydrogels with covalently binded arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD). Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were encapsulated in the modified hydrogel along with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Results demonstrated that the modified hydrogel displayed good mechanical properties appropriate for a sustained release carrier. RGD modification significantly promoted EPC biocompatibility. VEGF and bFGF encapsulation enhanced the adhesion of EPCs, promoted the production of extracellular matrix and facilitated EPC proliferation. In addition, bFGF and VEGF induced angiogenesis. The combination of growth factors and EPCs in the hydrogel displayed a strong synergy to improve biocompatibility. The present results provided a potential novel treatment approach for soft tissue defects such as bone exposure, chronic skin ulcers, bedsores, limb necrosis, osteonecrosis and other ischemic diseases.