Antidepressants for people with both schizophrenia and depression

Background Depressive symptoms, often of substantial severity, are found in 50% of newly diagnosed suffers of schizophrenia and 33% of people with chronic schizophrenia who have relapsed. Depression is associated with dysphoria, disability, reduction of motivation to accomplish tasks and the activities of daily living, an increased duration of illness and more frequent relapses. Objectives To determine the clinical effects of antidepressant medication for the treatment of depression in people who also suffer with schizophrenia. Search methods We undertook electronic searches of the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (October 2000), ClinPsych (1988‐2000), The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2000), EMBASE (1980‐2000) and MEDLINE (1966‐2000). This was supplemented by citation searching, personal contact with authors and pharmaceutical companies. We updated this search January 2013 and added 71 new trials to the awaiting assessment section. Selection criteria All randomised clinical trials that compared antidepressant medication with placebo for people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were also suffering from depression. Data collection and analysis Data were independently selected and extracted. For homogeneous dichotomous data the fixed effects risk difference (RD), the 95% confidence intervals (CI) and, where appropriate, the number needed to treat (NNT) were calculated on an intention‐to‐treat basis. For continuous data, reviewers calculated weighted mean differences. Statistical tests for heterogeneity were also undertaken. Main results Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All were small, and randomised fewer than 30 people to each group. Most included people after the most acute phase of psychosis and investigated a wide range of antidepressants. The quality of reporting varied a great deal. For the outcome of 'no important clinical response' antidepressants were significantly better than placebo (n=209, 5 RCTs, summary risk difference fixed effects ‐0.26, 95% CI ‐0.39 to ‐0.13, NNT 4 95% CI 3 to 8). The depression score at the end of the trial, as assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale (HAM‐D), seemed to suggest that using antidepressants was beneficial, but this was only statistically significant when a fixed effects model was used (n=261, 6 RCTs, WMD fixed effects ‐2.2 95% CI ‐3.8 to ‐0.6; WMD random effects ‐2.1 95% CI ‐5.04 to 0.84). There was no evidence that antidepressant treatment led to a deterioration of psychotic sympto