Vesicular degradation pathways in neurons: at the crossroads of autophagy and endo-lysosomal degradation

•Autophagy and endo-lysosomal degradation are essential for neuronal health.•Autophagosomes and endosomes both deliver cargo for lysosomal degradation.•Both pathways show distinct features in the neuronal soma, dendrites, and axon.•The two pathways have overlapping and unique functions in neurons. Autophagy and endo-lysosomal degradation are two parallel degradation pathways essential for maintaining neuronal health and function. Autophagosomes and endosomes sequester cellular cargo through different mechanisms, but these pathways converge upon fusion with lysosomes. Both pathways are spatially regulated, with distinct features evident in the soma, axons, and dendrites, possibly as an adaptation to the unique morphology of neurons and the specific demands of each compartment. Relatively little is known about how autophagy and endo-lysosomal degradation interact and how their activities may be coordinated. We review our current understanding of autophagy and endo-lysosomal degradation in neurons, highlighting common features and differences as well as the intersection of these two essential cellular pathways.