Third Trimester Vitamin D Status Is Associated With Birth Outcomes and Linear Growth of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in the United States

BACKGROUND:Vitamin D status in pregnancy may influence the risk of prematurity, birth size, and child postnatal growth, but few studies have examined the relationship among pregnant women living with HIV. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study of 257 HIV-infected mothers and their HIV-exposed uninfected infants who were enrolled in the 2009–2011 nutrition substudy of the Surveillance Monitoring for ART Toxicities (SMARTT) study. HIV-infected pregnant women had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) assessed in the third trimester of pregnancy, and their infantsʼ growth and neurodevelopment were evaluated at birth and approximately 1 year of age. RESULTS:The mean third trimester serum 25(OH)D concentration was 35.4 ± 14.2 ng/mL with 15% of women classified as vitamin D deficient (