Plasma Levels of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Long-Term Cognitive Performance after Severe Head Injury

Letters and Category Fluency, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS‐III) subtests Logical Memory First Recall (LM 1st), Logical Memory I (LM I), Logical Memory II (LM II), and Visual Reproduction I (VR I), Visual Reproduction II (VR II), Visual Reproduction Recognition (VR Rec), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS‐III) subtests Digit Span, Similarities, Vocabulary and Block Design. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, radiological, neurosurgical, and oxidative stress of patients with severe TBI Variables Cognitive examination Nonevaluated n = 29 (56.9%) Evaluated n = 22 (43.1%) Sex Male 25 (85.2) 20 (90.9) Marshall CT classification Type I injury 01 (3.4) 02 (9.1) Type II injury 10 (34.5) 07 (31.8 Type III injury 03 (10.3 02 (9.1) Type IV injury 03 (10.3) 03 (13.6) Evacuated mass lesion 06 (20.7) 04 (18.2) Nonevacuated lesion 06 (20.7) 04 (18.2) SAH on admission cranial CT 13 (44.8) 14 (63.6) Brain surgery Yes 14 (48.3) 12 (54.5) Associated trauma 17 (56.6) 16 (72.7) Admission Glasgow Coma Scale 7 or 8 13 (44.8) 11 (50.0) 5 or 6 08 (27.6) 04 (18.2) 3 or 4 8 (27.6) 07 (31.8) Admission Pupils Isocorics 17 (58.6) 14 (63.6) Anisocorics 10 (34.5) 08 (36/4) Mydriatics 2 (6.9) 0 Age in years 34.8 ± 16.2 31.7 ± 11.1 Days in the ICU 12 ± 8 11 ± 5 Days of Hospitalization 30 (19) 28 (23) Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 127 (27) 128 (35) Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg 76 (16) 75 (23) Heart rate/min 90 (15) 90 (25) Respiratory rate/min 22 (18) 18 (14) Glucose levels, mg/dL 158 (74) 149 (39) Hematocrit, % 34.2 (5.3) 33.1 (87.9) Hemoglobin, g/100 mL 11.7 (1.8) 13.2 (7.9) Leukocytes/mm3 15,578 (6978) 15,346 (8024) Carbonyl levels, nmol/mg protein 10−14 First blood sample (n = 51) 25.3 (IQ 9.0–86.6) 26.2 (IQ 9.5–95.0) Second blood sample (n = 42) 32.6 (IQ 10.3–110.8) 52.7 (IQ 16.9–145.3) Third blood sample (n = 42) 33.2 (IQ 14.6–142.0) 46.3 (IQ 18.8–145.0) TABARS levels, nmol/mg protein 10−5 First blood sample (n = 51) 38.9 (IQ 13.4–196.9) 48.7 (IQ 8.1–199.5) Second blood sample (n = 42) 23.1 (IQ 14.7–242.9) 44.6 (IQ 33.0–236.0) Third blood sample (n = 42) 74.5 (IQ 53.2–417.3) 72.9 (IQ 59.2–321.3) TBI, traumatic brain injury; CT, computed tomography; SAH, Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Correlation between TBARS and carbonyl plasma levels of survivor patients with severe TBI and their long‐term cognitive performance TBARS Carbonyl 1 2 3 1 2 3 Letter fluency 0.26 0.14 0.14 −0.34 −0.20 0.03 Category fluency 0.12 0.11 0.15 −0.25 −0.21 0.08 Sim