Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of lefamulin in a neutropenic murine pneumonia model with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Objectives To present results of preclinical studies that supported further development of lefamulin for treating patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). Methods The effect of bovine lung surfactant on the antibacterial activity of lefamulin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was determined by broth microdilution assay. In vitro accumulation of lefamulin was evaluated in J774 mouse macrophages. Pharmacokinetics was assessed in female BALB/c (Bagg albino) mice treated with subcutaneous lefamulin (35 or 70 mg/kg). In neutropenic lung infection experiments, BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide before challenge with single S. pneumoniae or S. aureus strains; subcutaneous lefamulin (1.25–160 mg/kg) was given twice daily post-infection. Hill models described relationships between AUC/MIC ratios and changes in log10 cfu. Results Lung surfactant did not significantly increase lefamulin MIC values against test strains. Lefamulin uptake in macrophages was rapid (a plateau was reached in ∼3 h). In mice, distribution of lefamulin [plasma to epithelial lining fluid (ELF)] was rapid, showing an ∼2-fold increase in lefamulin exposure in the ELF during the 5.5 h period. Median plasma AUC/MIC ratios associated with 1 and 2 log10 cfu reductions from baseline were 1.37 and 2.15, respectively, for S. pneumoniae and 2.13 and 6.24 for S. aureus. Corresponding ELF results were 14.0 and 22.0 for S. pneumoniae and 21.7 and 63.9 for S. aureus. Conclusions Overall, lefamulin displays desirable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships that are predictive of the clinical effectiveness of lefamulin and other antibacterial agents used to treat CABP.