Quantitative XPS depth profiling of codeine loaded poly( l-lactic acid) films using a coronene ion sputter source

The controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients from polymers over prolonged periods of time is vital for the function of drug eluting stents and other drug loaded delivery devices. Characterisation of the drug distribution in polymers allows the in vitro and in vivo performance to be rationalised. We present the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling study of such a drug eluting stent system for which we employ a novel coronene ion sputter source. The rationale for this is to ascertain quantitative atomic concentration data through the thickness of flat films containing codeine and poly( l-lactic acid) (PLA) as a model of a drug loaded polymer device. A range of films of thickness of up to 96 nm are spun cast from chloroform onto Piranha cleaned silicon wafers. Ellipsometry of the films is undertaken prior to depth profiling to determine the total film thickness and provide a measure of the relative loading of drug within the PLA matrix through spectroscopic analysis. Progressive XPS analysis of the bottom of the sputter crater with sputter time indicated codeine to be depleted from the surface and segregated to the bulk of the polymer films by comparison with a uniform distribution calculated from the bulk loading. This serves to illustrate that surface depletion of drug occurs, which poses important implications for drug loaded polymer delivery systems. XPS depth profiling of a codeine loaded poly( l-lactic) acid film is described allowing the characterisation and quantification of drug concentration and distribution through film thickness. [Display omitted]