An in vitro evaluation of turbulence after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

This study aimed at assessment of post-transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) replacement hemodynamics and turbulence when a same-size SAPIEN 3 (Edwards Lifesciences Corp, Irvine, Calif) and Medtronic Evolut (Minneapolis, Minn) were implanted in a rigid aortic root with physiological dimensions and in a representative root with calcific leaflets obtained from patient computed tomography scans. TAV hemodynamics were studied by placing a SAPIEN 3 26-mm and an Evolut 26-mm in rigid aortic roots and representative root with calcific leaflets under physiological conditions. Hemodynamics were assessed using high-fidelity particle image velocimetry and high-speed imaging. Transvalvular pressure gradients (PGs), pinwheeling indices, and Reynolds shear stress (RSS) were calculated. (1) PGs obtained with the Evolut and the SAPIEN 3 were comparable among the different models (10.5 ± 0.15 mm Hg vs 7.76 ± 0.083 mm Hg in the rigid model along with 13.9 ± 0.19 mm Hg vs 5.0 ± 0.09 mm Hg in representative root with calcific leaflets obtained from patient computed tomography scans respectively); (2) more pinwheeling was found in the SAPIEN 3 than the Evolut (0.231 ± 0.057 vs 0.201 ± 0.05 in the representative root with calcific leaflets and 0.366 ± 0.067 vs 0.122 ± 0.045 in the rigid model); (3) higher rates of RSS were found in the Evolut (161.27 ± 3.45 vs 122.84 ± 1.76 Pa in representative root with calcific leaflets and 337.22 ± 7.05 vs 157.91 ± 1.80 Pa in rigid models). More lateral fluctuations were found in representative root with calcific leaflets. (1) Comparable PGs were found among the TAVs in different models; (2) pinwheeling indices were found to be different between both TAVs; (3) turbulence patterns among both TAVs translated according to RSS were different. Rigid aortic models yield more conservative estimates of turbulence; (4) both TAVs exhibit peak maximal RSS that exceeds platelet activation 100 Pa threshold limit.