Mechanisms Orchestrating Mitochondrial Dynamics for Energy Homeostasis

To maintain homeostasis, every cell must constantly monitor its energy level and appropriately adjust energy, in the form of ATP, production rates based on metabolic demand. Continuous fulfillment of this energy demand depends on the ability of cells to sense, metabolize, and convert nutrients into chemical energy. Mitochondria are the main energy conversion sites for many cell types. Cellular metabolic states dictate the mitochondrial size, shape, function, and positioning. Mitochondrial shape varies from singular discrete organelles to interconnected reticular networks within cells. The morphological adaptations of mitochondria to metabolic cues are facilitated by the dynamic events categorized as transport, fusion, fission, and quality control. By changing their dynamics and strategic positioning within the cytoplasm, mitochondria carry out critical functions and also participate actively in inter-organelle cross-talk, assisting metabolite transfer, degradation, and biogenesis. Mitochondrial dynamics has become an active area of research because of its particular importance in cancer, metabolic diseases, and neurological disorders. In this review, we will highlight the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and their roles in maintaining energy homeostasis. [Display omitted] •Mitochondrial functions are hard-wired to cellular metabolism, which is critical for energy homeostasis.•The morphological adaptations of mitochondria to cellular metabolism are facilitated by dynamic events categorized as transport, fusion, fission, and quality control.•Mitochondrial dynamics support energy homeostasis by regulating strategic positioning of mitochondria within the cytoplasm and inter-organelle cross-talk, metabolite transfer, mitochondrial degradation and biogenesis.•Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics leads to diseases including cancer, and metabolic and neurological disorders.