Role of glutathione peroxidase 1 in glucose and lipid metabolism-related diseases

Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) is a selenium-dependent enzyme that reduces intracellular hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. While past research explored regulations of gene expression and biochemical function of this selenoperoxidase, GPX1 has recently been implicated in the onset and development of chronic diseases. Clinical data have shown associations of human GPX1 gene variants with elevated risks of diabetes. Knockout and overexpression of Gpx1 in mice may induce types 1 and 2 diabetes-like phenotypes, respectively. This review assembles the latest advances in this new field of selenium biology, and attempts to postulate signal and molecular mechanisms mediating the role of GPX1 in glucose and lipid metabolism-related diseases. Potential therapies by harnessing the beneficial effects of this ubiquitous redox-modulating enzyme are briefly discussed. [Display omitted] •Supranutrition of Se is associated with hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.•Knockout of Gpx1 induces metabolic changes similar to type 1 diabetes.•Overexpression of Gpx1 produces type 2 diabetes-like phenotypes.•Human GPX1 polymorphism links to risks of diabetes and obesity.