Surface Proximity Effect, Imprint Memory of Ferroelectric Twins, and Tweed in the Paraelectric Phase of BaTiO3

We have used energy-filtered photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) at the photoemission threshold to carry out a microscopic scale characterization of the surface charge and domain structure of the (001) surface in BaTiO 3 . Signatures of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domains, and tweed, dominate the surface structure of BaTiO 3 at room temperature. The surface ferroic signatures are maintained on heating to temperature (~550 K), well above the transition temperature (393 K). This surface proximity effect provides the mechanism for memory of the bulk ferroelectric domain arrangement up to 150 K above T C and thus can be considered as a robust fingerprint of the ferroelectric state near the surface. Self-reversal of polarization is observed for the tweed below T C and for the surface domains above T C . Annealing at higher temperature triggers the dynamic tweed which in turn allows a full reorganization of the ferroic domain configuration.