Development of the emotional brain

[Display omitted] •Adolescence is a period of increased reactivity to emotional and social cues.•Subcortical limbic connectivity is associated with cue-driven impulsivity.•A shift in frontoamygdala connectivity occurs around the transition into adolescence.•Prefrontal cortico-cortical regulation of emotion is reliant on frontoamygdala connectivity.•Hierarchical circuit-based changes underlying emotion regulation extend into the 20s. In this article, we highlight the importance of dynamic reorganization of neural circuitry during adolescence, as it relates to the development of emotion reactivity and regulation. We offer a neurobiological account of hierarchical, circuit-based changes that coincide with emotional development during this time. Recent imaging studies suggest that the development of the emotional brain involves a cascade of changes in limbic and cognitive control circuitry. These changes are particularly pronounced during adolescence, when the demand for self regulation across a variety of emotional and social situations may be greatest. We propose that hierarchical changes in circuitry, from subcortico-subcortical to subcortico-cortical to cortico-subcortical and finally to cortico-cortical, may underlie the gradual changes in emotion reactivity and regulation throughout adolescence into young adulthood, with changes at each level being necessary for the instantiation of changes at the next level.