Carbapenem Nonsusceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan: Dissemination and Increasing Resistance of Carbapenemase Producers During 2012–2015

Before 2011, the prevalence rates of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) among carbapenem nonsusceptible K . pneumoniae (CnSKP) isolates were below 10% in Taiwan. The study presents the dissemination and increased antimicrobial resistance of CPKP from January 2012 to August 2015, as shown by Taiwanese multicenter surveillance. Isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of >1 μg/mL for imipenem or meropenem were collected, screened for various carbapenemase genes by PCR, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Among 1,457 CnSKP isolates, 1,250 were collected from medical centers. The CnSKP prevalence in medical centers increased by 1.7-fold during the study. Among all CnSKP isolates, 457 were CPKP. The CPKP rate among CnSKP increased by 1.5-fold and reached 36.8% in 2015. The CPKP nonsusceptibility rate to aztreonam, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides increased yearly. Six CPKP isolates carried dual carbapenemase genes. Three Ambler classes were identified in 451 isolates with a single carbapenemase: classes A (315 bla KPC-2 , 2 bla KPC-3 , 28 bla KPC-17 , 2 bla KPC-34 ), B (26 bla IMP-8 , 2 bla NDM-1 , 36 bla VIM-1 ), and D (40 bla OXA-48 ). The bla OXA-48 rate among CPKP increased by 6-fold over three years. Most KPC and OXA-48 producers were ST11. CnSKP was increasingly prevalent, owing to CPKP dissemination. Additionally, CPKP became more resistant during the study period.