Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and potential synthetic treatments

Since the discovery of antibiotics by Sir Alexander Fleming they have been used throughout medicine and play a vital role in combating microorganisms. However, with their vast use, development of resistance has become more prevalent and their use is currently under threat. Antibiotic resistance poses a global threat to human and animal health, with many bacterial species having developed some form of resistance and in some cases within a year of first exposure to antimicrobial agents. This review aims to examine some of the mechanisms behind resistance. Additionally, re-engineering organisms, re-sensitizing bacteria to antibiotics and gene-editing techniques such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 system are providing novel approaches to combat bacterial resistance. To that extent, we have reviewed some of these novel and innovative technologies. In 1928, penicillin was discovered, changing the field of modern medicine as it provided an opportunity to treat microbial infections. Since then, microorganisms such as bacteria have evolved and now have the ability to resist a wide variety of agents that might otherwise prevent their growth. By 2050, it is estimated that around 10 million lives each year will be lost due to these bacteria. This article provides an insight into how bacteria resist antibiotics and potential new methods of treating these organisms.