Predicting sperm retrieval rates in testicular sperm extraction for azoospermia according to endocrine profiles

Background and Aims: The present study was carried out to examine the predictive value of endocrine profiles as indicators of the sperm retrieval rate on testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in azoospermic men. Methods: Prior to TESE, the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol and 17 α‐hydroxyprogesterone were measured and the sagittal cross‐sections of the testis were acquired using ultrasonography. Results: The sperm retrieval rates according to the cause of azoospermia were 40% for idiopathic azoospermia, and 100% for obstructive azoospermia, cryptorchidsm and ejaculatory disorder. Based on the endocrinological profiles, the sperm retrieval rates showed significant differences at 100% for FSH 15 mIU/mL or LH 2 mIU/mL, 0% for FSH > 60 mIU/mL or LH > 12 mIU/mL, and 33% for the intermediate groups (P < 0.01). Comparison of the retrieval of spermatozoa and serum DHT level for the intermediate group also showed a significant difference, with retrieval rates of 58% for DHT 0.5 ng/mL and 0% for DHT > 0.5 ng/mL (P