Relating High Insecticide Residues in Larval Breeding Habitats in Urban Residential Areas to the Selection of Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Akim Oda, Ghana

The main objective of this study was to assess insecticide contamination in Anopheles breeding habitats in urban residential areas and pyrethroid susceptibility status of mosquitoes found in the habitats. A larval survey was conducted in Akim Oda between July and October 2016. The larvae that were reared to adult were used for susceptibility test against four different pyrethroid insecticides (deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15%, and etofenprox 0.5%). Gas chromatography was used to analyze pesticide residues in water collected from the breeding habitats. High levels of permethrin and deltamethrin plus traces of several organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides were detected in the larval-breeding habitats. None of the four pyrethroid insecticides caused more than 10% mortality. Anopheles coluzzii Coetzee & Wilkerson dominated in the study area with high frequency of kdr mutation (93.5%). We report for the first time in Ghana, high levels of pyrethroid insecticides contamination in Anopheles breeding habitats in urban residential areas where there are no major agricultural activities.The contamination is suspected to be the major cause of pyrethroid resistance in the Anopheles species. Improper disposal of old insecticide-treated net and other domestic insecticides and the use of herbicides are suspected to be the source of insecticide contamination.