Plasma But Not Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin 7 and Interleukin 5 Levels Pre–Antiretroviral Therapy Commencement Predict Cryptococcosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) frequently experience clinical deterioration, known as cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS), upon initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The immunological mechanisms...

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Veröffentlicht in:Clinical infectious diseases 2017-11, Vol.65 (9), p.1551-1559
Hauptverfasser: Akilimali, Ngomu Akeem, Chang, Christina C., Muema, Daniel M., Reddy, Tarylee, Moosa, Mahomed-Yunus S., Lewin, Sharon R., French, Martyn A., Ndung’u, Thumbi
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Sprache:eng
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Zusammenfassung:Patients with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) frequently experience clinical deterioration, known as cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS), upon initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The immunological mechanisms underlying C-IRIS are incompletely defined and no reliable predictive biomarkers exist. We investigated whether plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of cytokines and chemokines predicted C-IRIS and are potential predictive biomarkers. Patients with CM who experienced C-IRIS (N = 27) upon ART initiation were compared to CD4+ T-cell count-matched patients without C-IRIS (N = 27). Plasma and CSF collected pre-ART were assayed for cytokines and chemokines using a 17-plex Luminex kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cox proportional hazards regression and principal component analyses were also performed. Plasma interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-17, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were higher in C-IRIS patients compared to controls (all P < .05), with IL-5 and IL-7 significant after Bonferroni-Holm correction. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, high IL-5 (hazard ratio [HR], 5.76 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .77-43.0]; P = .088) and IL-7 (HR, 9.30 [95% CI, 1.96-44.0]; P = .005) were predictive of C-IRIS. Plasma IL-5 (P = .0008) and IL-10 (P = .0089) were lower in those who achieved CSF cryptococcal culture negativity compared to those with positive cultures pre-ART. There were no significant differences in CSF cytokine or chemokine levels between cases and controls. High plasma IL-5 and IL-7 levels pre-ART were associated with increased risk of developing C-IRIS. High IL-5 levels may reflect a Th2 environment associated with impaired clearance of cryptococci while high IL-7 levels may reflect IL-7/IL-7R pathway dysfunction in T cells, both of which could be associated with C-IRIS immunopathogenesis.
ISSN:1058-4838
1537-6591
DOI:10.1093/cid/cix598