Functional oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) imaging with turbo gradient spin echo QUIXOTIC (Turbo QUIXOTIC)

Purpose QUantitative Imaging of eXtraction of Oxygen and TIssue Consumption (QUIXOTIC) is a recent technique that measures voxel‐wise oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) but suffers from long scan times, limiting its application. We implemented multiecho QUIXOTIC dubbed turbo QUIXOTIC (tQUIXOTIC) that reduces scan time eightfold and then applied it in functional MRI. Methods tQUIXOTIC utilizes a novel turbo gradient spin echo readout enabling measurement of venular blood transverse relaxation rate in a single tag‐control acquisition. Using tQUIXOTIC, we estimated cortical gray matter (GM) OEF, created voxel‐by‐voxel GM OEF maps, and quantified changes in visual cortex OEF during a blocked design flashing checkerboard visual stimulus. Contamination from cerebrospinal fluid partial volume averaging was estimated and corrected. Results The average cortical GM OEF was estimated as 0.38 ± 0.06 (n = 8) using a 3.4‐min acquisition. The average OEF in the visual cortex was estimated as 0.43 ± 0.04 at baseline and 0.35 ± 0.05 during activation, with an average %ΔOEF of −20%. These values are consistent with those of past studies. Conclusion tQUIXOTIC successfully estimated cortical GM OEF in clinical scan times and detected changes in OEF during blocked design visual stimulation. tQUIXOTIC will be useful to monitor regional OEF clinically and in blocked design or event‐related functional MRI experiments. Magn Reson Med 79:2713–2723, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.