Management of Complications in Anticoagulated Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Oral anticoagulation is mandatory for patients at high risk of thromboembolism, but the risk of bleeding should also be taken into account. Direct oral anticoagulants are now recommended for non-valvular AF as a potential alternative to warfarin. In this article we discuss methods to assess the anticoagulant effect of these agents, specific and general antidotes, and management of complications such as embolic and haemorrhagic stroke, and significant bleeding.