In vivo measurements of interindividual differences in DNA glycosylases and APE1 activities

The integrity of our DNA is challenged with at least 100,000 lesions per cell on a daily basis. Failure to repair DNA damage efficiently can lead to cancer, immunodeficiency, and neurodegenerative disease. Base excision repair (BER) recognizes and repairs minimally helix-distorting DNA base lesions induced by both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents. Levels of BER-initiating DNA glycosylases can vary between individuals, suggesting that quantitating and understanding interindividual differences in DNA repair capacity (DRC) may enable us to predict and prevent disease in a personalized manner. However, population studies of BER capacity have been limited because most methods used to measure BER activity are cumbersome, time consuming and, for the most part, only allow for the analysis of one DNA glycosylase at a time. We have developed a fluorescence-based multiplex flow-cytometric host cell reactivation assay wherein the activity of several enzymes [four BER-initiating DNA glycosylases and the downstream processing apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1)] can be tested simultaneously, at single-cell resolution, in vivo. Taking advantage of the transcriptional properties of several DNA lesions, we have engineered specific fluorescent reporter plasmids for quantitative measurements of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, alkyladenine DNA glycosylase, MutY DNA glycosylase, uracil DNA glycosylase, and APE1 activity. We have used these reporters to measure differences in BER capacity across a panel of cell lines collected from healthy individuals, and to generate mathematical models that predict cellular sensitivity to methylmethane sulfonate, H₂O₂, and 5-FU from DRC. Moreover, we demonstrate the suitability of these reporters to measure differences in DRC in multiple pathways using primary lymphocytes from two individuals.