Layer-specific quantification of myocardial deformation in sepsis-induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Three case reports of a serial 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic study

Little is known about the time-course changes in left ventricular myocardial deformation in patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) using layer-specific quantification of myocardial deformation assessed by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE). In this retrospective 2DSTE follow-up study of 3 female patients with sepsis-induced TC, we examined changes in strain among the 3 myocardial layers, and examined the changes in left ventricular diastolic function and right ventricular systolic function. In all 3 patients, there was improvement of at least 15% in left ventricular ejection fractions, and improvement in left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential strains. The absolute differences in left ventricular global strains between the endocardium and epicardium, and between the first and the third 2DSTE studies reflect the following: a decrease in all 3 myocardial layers in patients with acute TC; and a slower improvement in mid-myocardial and epicardial function during recovery of TC. In addition, the right ventricular free wall strains were also impaired in the acute stage of TC with gradual improvement during recovery. Left ventricular strains did not fully recover even 1 month after acute TC. In addition, right ventricular free wall strains were also impaired in all 3 patients initially. In this case series, we found that layer-specific 2DSTE is a more sensitive method for myocardial function assessment than standard echocardiography.