A semi-invariant Vα10+ T cell antigen receptor defines a population of natural killer T cells with distinct glycolipid antigen–recognition properties

Type I natural killer T cells are characterized by an invariant V α 14-J α 18 T cell antigen receptor α-chain. Godfrey and colleagues describe a population of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells that express a previously unidentified canonical V α 10-J α 50 α-chain. Type I natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are characterized by an invariant variable region 14–joining region 18 (V α 14-J α 18) T cell antigen receptor (TCR) α-chain and recognition of the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) restricted to the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Here we describe a population of α-GalCer-reactive NKT cells that expressed a canonical V α 10-J α 50 TCR α-chain, which showed a preference for α-glucosylceramide (α-GlcCer) and bacterial α-glucuronic acid–containing glycolipid antigens. Structurally, despite very limited TCRα sequence identity, the V α 10 TCR–CD1d–α-GlcCer complex had a docking mode similar to that of type I TCR–CD1d–α-GalCer complexes, although differences at the antigen-binding interface accounted for the altered antigen specificity. Our findings provide new insight into the structural basis and evolution of glycolipid antigen recognition and have notable implications for the scope and immunological role of glycolipid-specific T cell responses.