Proctors exploit three-dimensional ghost tools during clinical-like training scenarios: a preliminary study

Purpose In this study, we examine three-dimensional (3D) proctoring tools (i.e., semitransparent ghost tools overlaid on the surgeon’s field of view) on realistic surgical tasks. Additionally, we develop novel, quantitative measures of whether proctors exploit the additional capabilities offered by ghost tools. Methods Seven proctor–trainee pairs completed realistic surgical tasks such as tissue dissection and suturing in a live porcine model using 3D ghost tools on the da Vinci Xi Surgical System. The usability and effectiveness of 3D ghost tools were evaluated using objective measures of proctor performance based on proctor hand movements and button presses, as well as post-study questionnaires. Results Proctors exploited the capabilities of ghost tools, such as 3D hand movement ( p