Impact of simulated three‐dimensional perception on precision of depth judgements, technical performance and perceived workload in laparoscopy

Background This study compared precision of depth judgements, technical performance and workload using two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) laparoscopic displays across different viewing distances. It also compared the accuracy of 3D displays with natural viewing, along with the relationship between stereoacuity and 3D laparoscopic performance. Methods A counterbalanced within‐subjects design with random assignment to testing sequences was used. The system could display 2D or 3D images with the same set‐up. A Howard–Dolman apparatus assessed precision of depth judgements, and three laparoscopic tasks (peg transfer, navigation in space and suturing) assessed performance (time to completion). Participants completed tasks in all combinations of two viewing modes (2D, 3D) and two viewing distances (1 m, 3 m). Other measures administered included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (perceived workload) and the Randot® Stereotest (stereoacuity). Results Depth judgements were 6·2 times as precise at 1 m and 3·0 times as precise at 3 m using 3D versus 2D displays (P