A novel mechanism of tandem activation of ryanodine receptors by cytosolic and SR luminal Ca2+ during excitation–contraction coupling in atrial myocytes

Key points In atrial myocytes excitation–contraction coupling is strikingly different from ventricle because atrial myocytes lack a transverse tubule membrane system: Ca2+ release starts in the cell periphery and propagates towards the cell centre by Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ store. The cytosolic Ca2+ sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor (RyRs) Ca2+ release channel is low and it is unclear how Ca2+ release can be activated in the interior of atrial cells. Simultaneous confocal imaging of cytosolic and intra‐SR calcium revealed a transient elevation of store Ca2+ that we termed ‘Ca2+ sensitization signal’. We propose a novel paradigm of atrial ECC that is based on tandem activation of the RyRs by cytosolic and luminal Ca2+ through a ‘fire–diffuse–uptake–fire’ (or FDUF) mechanism: Ca2+ uptake by SR Ca2+ pumps at the propagation front elevates Ca2+ inside the SR locally, leading to luminal RyR sensitization and lowering of the cytosolic Ca2+ activation threshold. In atrial myocytes Ca2+ release during excitation–contraction coupling (ECC) is strikingly different from ventricular myocytes. In many species atrial myocytes lack a transverse tubule system, dividing the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ store into the peripheral subsarcolemmnal junctional (j‐SR) and the much more abundant central non‐junctional (nj‐SR) SR. Action potential (AP)‐induced Ca2+ entry activates Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from j‐SR ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels. Peripheral elevation of [Ca2+]i initiates CICR from nj‐SR and sustains propagation of CICR to the cell centre. Simultaneous confocal measurements of cytosolic ([Ca2+]i; with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator rhod‐2) and intra‐SR ([Ca2+]SR; fluo‐5N) Ca2+ in rabbit atrial myocytes revealed that Ca2+ release from j‐SR resulted in a cytosolic Ca2+ transient of higher amplitude compared to release from nj‐SR; however, the degree of depletion of j‐SR [Ca2+]SR was smaller than nj‐SR [Ca2+]SR. Similarly, Ca2+ signals from individual release sites of the j‐SR showed a larger cytosolic amplitude (Ca2+ sparks) but smaller depletion (Ca2+ blinks) than release from nj‐SR. During AP‐induced Ca2+ release the rise of [Ca2+]i detected at individual release sites of the nj‐SR preceded the depletion of [Ca2+]SR, and during this latency period a transient elevation of [Ca2+]SR occurred. We propose that Ca2+ release from nj‐SR is activated by cytosolic and luminal Ca2+ (tandem RyR activat