Oxytocin and vasopressin neural networks: Implications for social behavioral diversity and translational neuroscience

•Oxytocin and vasopressin systems exhibit conserved properties.•Receptor expression patterns reflect species-specific sociosensory pathways.•Diversity in receptors expression contributes to diversity in social behavior.•Oxytocin and vasopressin modulate widely distributed brain networks.•Oxytocin is a potential target for improving social cognition in autism. Oxytocin- and vasopressin-related systems are present in invertebrate and vertebrate bilaterian animals, including humans, and exhibit conserved neuroanatomical and functional properties. In vertebrates, these systems innervate conserved neural networks that regulate social learning and behavior, including conspecific recognition, social attachment, and parental behavior. Individual and species-level variation in central organization of oxytocin and vasopressin systems has been linked to individual and species variation in social learning and behavior. In humans, genetic polymorphisms in the genes encoding oxytocin and vasopressin peptides and/or their respective target receptors have been associated with individual variation in social recognition, social attachment phenotypes, parental behavior, and psychiatric phenotypes such as autism. Here we describe both conserved and variable features of central oxytocin and vasopressin systems in the context of social behavioral diversity, with a particular focus on neural networks that modulate social learning, behavior, and salience of sociosensory stimuli during species-typical social contexts.