Copper-catalyzed click reaction on/in live cells† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Detailed experimental procedures, characterizations and supporting data. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02297a Click here for additional data file

A copper-catalyzed click reaction inside living mammalian cells is demonstrated with the use of a cell-penetrating peptide-tethered Cu I ligand. We demonstrated that the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction could be performed inside live mammalian cells without using a chelating azide. Under optimized conditions, the reaction was performed in human ovary cancer cell line OVCAR5 in which newly synthesized proteins were metabolically modified with homopropargylglycine (HPG). This model system allowed us to estimate the efficiency of the reaction on the cell membranes and in the cytosol using mass spectrometry. We found that the reaction was greatly promoted by a tris(triazolylmethyl)amine Cu I ligand tethering a cell-penetrating peptide. Uptake of the ligand, copper, and a biotin-tagged azide in the cells was determined to be 69 ± 2, 163 ± 3 and 1.3 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. After 10 minutes of reaction, the product yields on the membrane and cytosolic proteins were higher than 18% and 0.8%, respectively, while 75% of cells remained viable. By reducing the biothiols in the system by scraping or treatment with N -ethylmalemide, the reaction yield on the cytosolic proteins was greatly improved to ∼9% and ∼14%, respectively, while the yield on the membrane proteins remained unchanged. The results indicate that out of many possibilities, deactivation of the current copper catalysts by biothiols is the major reason for the low yield of the CuAAC reaction in the cytosol. Overall, we have improved the efficiency for the CuAAC reaction in live cells by 3-fold. Despite the low yield inside live cells, products that strongly bind to the intracellular targets can be detected by mass spectrometry. Hence, the in situ CuAAC reaction can be potentially used for screening of cell-specific enzyme inhibitors or biomarkers containing 1,4-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles.