Biogenesis of the Gram-positive bacterial cell envelope

Highlights • Many Gram-positive bacteria assemble on the cell envelope covalently linked pili that are polymerized by a conserved transpeptidase called pilus-specific sortase. • LytR-CpsA-Psr family proteins present in all Gram-positive bacteria are involved not only in transferring teichoic acids to peptidoglycan or glycolipid anchors but also linking glycans to a cell wall-anchored protein. • The high GC content bacteria or actinobacteria utilize a membrane-bound thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase as the major protein folding machine for exported proteins.