Biotic/Abiotic Stress-Driven Alzheimer's Disease

Biotic Stress and AD Biotic stressors refer to any potential infectious pathogens or opportunistic infectious microbes, including Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Balin et al., 1998), Helicobacter pylori (Kountouras et al., 2012), Toxoplasma gondii (Prandota, 2014), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; Borjabad and Volsky, 2012), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; Lurain et al., 2013). Factors that link the leaky gut and serum LPS to neurodegenerative diseases include: the plasma level of LPS in patients with neurodegenerative disease is three times higher than in healthy persons (Zhang et al., 2009); and intraperitoneal injections of LPS into mice cause a prolonged elevation hippocampal Aβ levels and lead to cognitive deficits (Kahn et al., 2012). According to a recent introduction by Scheperjans (2016) on the relevance of gut microbiota to Aβ deposition, germ-free APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice show mitigated amyloidosis in the brain compared with conventional APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. Abiotic Stress and AD An epidemiological study has associated an increased risk of AD with a medical history of traumatic head injury (Webster et al., 2015). [...]brain inflammation seems a common consequence of mechanical insults such as trauma and stroke (Fiebich et al., 2014).