Assessment of ‘one-step’ versus ‘sequential’ embryo culture conditions through embryonic genome methylation and hydroxymethylation changes

STUDY QUESTION In comparison to in vivo development, how do different conditions of in vitro culture (‘one step’ versus ‘sequential medium’) impact DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in preimplantation embryos? SUMMARY ANSWER Using rabbit as a model, we show that DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation are both affected by in vitro culture of preimplantation embryos and the effect observed depends on the culture medium used. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Correct regulation of DNA methylation is essential for embryonic development and DNA hydroxymethylation appears more and more to be a key player. Modifications of the environment of early embryos are known to have long term effects on adult phenotypes and health; these probably rely on epigenetic alterations. STUDY DESIGN SIZE, DURATION The study design we used is both cross sectional (control versus treatment) and longitudinal (time-course). Each individual in vivo experiment used embryos flushed from the donor at the 2-, 4-, 8-, 16- or morula stage. Each stage was analyzed in at least two independent experiments. Each individual in vitro experiment used embryos flushed from donors at the 1-cell stage (19 h post-coïtum) which were then cultured in parallel in the two tested media until the 2-, 4-, 8- 16-cell or morula stages. Each stage was analyzed in at least three independent experiments. In both the in vivo and in vitro experiments, 4-cell stage embryos were always included as an internal reference. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Immunofluorescence with antibodies specific for 5-methylcytosine (5meC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmeC) was used to quantify DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation levels in preimplantation embryos. We assessed the expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), of ten eleven translocation (TET) dioxigenases and of two endogenous retroviral sequences (ERV) using RT-qPCR, since the expression of endogenous retroviral sequences is known to be regulated by DNA methylation. Three repeats were first done for all stages; then three additional repetitions were performed for those stages showing differences or tendencies toward differences between the different conditions in the first round of quantification. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The kinetics of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation were modified in in vitro cultured embryos, and the observed differences depended on the type of medium used. These differences were statistically significant. In addition, the expre