Novel O-GlcNAcylation on Ser40 of canonical H2A isoforms specific to viviparity

We report here newly discovered O -linked-N-acetylglucosamine ( O -GlcNAc) modification of histone H2A at Ser 40 (H2AS40Gc). The mouse genome contains 18 H2A isoforms, of which 13 have Ser 40 and the other five have Ala 40 . The combination of production of monoclonal antibody and mass spectrometric analyses with reverse-phase (RP)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation indicated that the O -GlcNAcylation is specific to the Ser 40 isoforms. The H2AS40Gc site is in the L1 loop structure where two H2A molecules interact in the nucleosome. Targets of H2AS40Gc are distributed genome-wide and are dramatically changed during the process of differentiation in mouse trophoblast stem cells. In addition to the mouse, H2AS40Gc was also detected in humans, macaques and cows, whereas non-mammalian species possessing only the Ala 40 isoforms, such as silkworms, zebrafish and Xenopus showed no signal. Genome database surveys revealed that Ser 40 isoforms of H2A emerged in Marsupialia and persisted thereafter in mammals. We propose that the emergence of H2A Ser 40 and its O-GlcNAcylation linked a genetic event to genome-wide epigenetic events that correlate with the evolution of placental animals.