Engineered swift equilibration of a Brownian particle

A system in equilibrium takes a finite time to relax to a new equilibrium following a sudden change of a control parameter—impeding progress in device miniaturization. Now, a strategy succeeds in reducing this time for an open classical system. A fundamental and intrinsic property of any device or natural system is its relaxation time τ relax , which is the time it takes to return to equilibrium after the sudden change of a control parameter 1 . Reducing τ relax is frequently necessary, and is often obtained by a complex feedback process. To overcome the limitations of such an approach, alternative methods based on suitable driving protocols have been recently demonstrated 2 , 3 , for isolated quantum and classical systems 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . Their extension to open systems in contact with a thermostat is a stumbling block for applications. Here, we design a protocol, named Engineered Swift Equilibration (ESE), that shortcuts time-consuming relaxations, and we apply it to a Brownian particle trapped in an optical potential whose properties can be controlled in time. We implement the process experimentally, showing that it allows the system to reach equilibrium 100 times faster than the natural equilibration rate. We also estimate the increase of the dissipated energy needed to get such a time reduction. The method paves the way for applications in micro- and nano-devices, where the reduction of operation time represents as substantial a challenge as miniaturization 10 .