TRIM9 short isoform preferentially promotes DNA and RNA virus-induced production of type I interferon by recruiting GSK3β to TBK1

Type I interferon （IFN） is an important component of antiviral innate immune signaling mediated by viral DNA and RNA recognition by the DNA sensor cGAS and RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5. Activation of these DNA and RNA sensors leads to the recruitment of STING and MAVS, respectively, and converges on TANK-binding kinase 1 （TBK1） signaling for subsequent phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 （IRF3）. However, the mechanisms that control TBK1 activation are still poorly defined. Here, we identify tripartite motif 9 short isoform （TRIM9s） as a pos- itive regulator in type I IFN signaling. Upon viral infection, TRIM9s undergoes Lys-63-Unked auto-polyubiqultina- tion and serves as a platform to bridge GSK3β to TBK1, leading to the activation of IRF3 signaling. Interestingly, we found that TRIM9s selectively inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but enhances the expression of type ! IFNs as well as IFN-stimulated genes, in response to viral infection. Our findings reveal novel dual functions of TRIM9s in antiviral immunity, which serve to balance pro-inflammatory response and production of type I IFNs.