Behavior of Water in Collagen and Hydroxyapatite Sites of Cortical Bone: Fracture, Mechanical Wear, and Load Bearing Studies

The mechanical properties of cortical bone, which is largely composed of collagen, hydroxyapatite, and water, are known to hinge on hydration. Recently, the characteristics of water in bone have drawn attention as potential markers of bone quality. We report on the dynamics, diffusion, population, and exchange of water in cortical bone by NMR relaxation and diffusion methodologies. Relaxation measurements over time scales ranging from 0.001 to 4.2 s reveal two distinguishable water environments. Systematic exposure to ethylene­diamine­tetraacetic acid or collagenase reveals one peak in our 2D relaxation map belonging to water present in the hydroxyapatite-rich environment and a second peak with shorter relaxation times arising from a collagen-rich site. Diffusion-T 2 measurements allowed for direct measurement of the diffusion coefficient of water in all observable reservoirs. Further, deuterium relaxation methods were applied to study cortical bone under an applied force, following mechanical wear or fracture. The tumbling correlation times of water reduce in all three cases, indicating that water dynamics may be used as a probe of bone quality. Lastly, changes in the relative populations and correlation times of water in bone under an applied force suggest that load bearing occurs largely in the collagen-rich environment and is reversible.