Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria
Background Malaria is an important cause of illness and death in people living in many parts of the world, especially sub‐Saharan Africa. Long‐lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduce malaria transmission by targeting the adult mosquito vector and are ke...
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| creator | Tusting, Lucy S Thwing, Julie Sinclair, David Fillinger, Ulrike Gimnig, John Bonner, Kimberly E Bottomley, Christian Lindsay, Steven W Thwing, Julie |
| description | Background
Malaria is an important cause of illness and death in people living in many parts of the world, especially sub‐Saharan Africa. Long‐lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduce malaria transmission by targeting the adult mosquito vector and are key components of malaria control programmes. However, mosquito numbers may also be reduced by larval source management (LSM), which targets mosquito larvae as they mature in aquatic habitats. This is conducted by permanently or temporarily reducing the availability of larval habitats (habitat modification and habitat manipulation), or by adding substances to standing water that either kill or inhibit the development of larvae (larviciding).
Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness of mosquito LSM for preventing malaria.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; CABS s; and LILACS up to 24 October 2012. We handsearched the Tropical Diseases Bulletin from 1900 to 2010, the archives of the World Health Organization (up to 11 February 2011), and the literature database of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (up to 2 March 2011). We also contacted colleagues in the field for relevant articles.
Selection criteria
We included cluster randomized controlled trials (cluster‐RCTs), controlled before‐and‐after trials with at least one year of baseline data, and randomized cross‐over trials that compared LSM with no LSM for malaria control. We excluded trials that evaluated biological control of anopheline mosquitoes with larvivorous fish.
Data collection and analysis
At least two authors assessed each trial for eligibility. We extracted data and at least two authors independently determined the risk of bias in the included studies. We resolved all disagreements through discussion with a third author. We analyzed the data using Review Manager 5 software.
Main results
We included 13 studies; four cluster‐RCTs, eight controlled before‐and‐after trials, and one randomized cross‐over trial. The included studies evaluated habitat modification (one study), habitat modification with larviciding (two studies), habitat manipulation (one study), habitat manipulation plus larviciding (two studies), or larviciding alone (seven studies) in a wide variety of habitats and countries.
Malaria incidence
In two cluster‐RCTs undertaken in Sri Lanka, larviciding of abandoned |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/14651858.CD008923.pub2 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4669681</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1429846218</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4732-12c74ab600d3270298c76a1eae3e6f9668b9e3fa7fb8c45c707832aa5e079f443</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFUMtOAjEUbYxGEP0FMks3g31NHxsTxWeCcaPrppQOjOlMoWUw_L0lPIJuXN2bnHPPOfcA0EdwgCDEN4iyAolCDIYPEAqJyWDejvEJ6G6AfIOcHu0dcBHjF4SESczPQQcTKRhlpAvkm4-Ltlr6zOmw0i6Lvg3GZrVu9NTWtllmpQ-Z8c0yeOeqZpqgRK30JTgrtYv2ajd74PPp8WP4ko_en1-Hd6PcUE5wjrDhVI8ZhBOCOcRSGM40stoSy0rJmBhLS0rNy7EwtDAcckGw1oWFXJaUkh643eqmB2s7MSlS0E7NQ1XrsFZeV-o30lQzNfUrRRmTTKAkcL0TCH7R2rhUdRWNdU431rdRIZpCUYaRSFS2pZrgYwy2PNggqDa9q33vat_7xhynw_5xyMPZvuhEuN8Svitn18p4MwvJ_x_dPy4_jnmUFw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1429846218</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Cochrane Library</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Tusting, Lucy S ; Thwing, Julie ; Sinclair, David ; Fillinger, Ulrike ; Gimnig, John ; Bonner, Kimberly E ; Bottomley, Christian ; Lindsay, Steven W ; Thwing, Julie</creator><creatorcontrib>Tusting, Lucy S ; Thwing, Julie ; Sinclair, David ; Fillinger, Ulrike ; Gimnig, John ; Bonner, Kimberly E ; Bottomley, Christian ; Lindsay, Steven W ; Thwing, Julie</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Malaria is an important cause of illness and death in people living in many parts of the world, especially sub‐Saharan Africa. Long‐lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduce malaria transmission by targeting the adult mosquito vector and are key components of malaria control programmes. However, mosquito numbers may also be reduced by larval source management (LSM), which targets mosquito larvae as they mature in aquatic habitats. This is conducted by permanently or temporarily reducing the availability of larval habitats (habitat modification and habitat manipulation), or by adding substances to standing water that either kill or inhibit the development of larvae (larviciding).
Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness of mosquito LSM for preventing malaria.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; CABS s; and LILACS up to 24 October 2012. We handsearched the Tropical Diseases Bulletin from 1900 to 2010, the archives of the World Health Organization (up to 11 February 2011), and the literature database of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (up to 2 March 2011). We also contacted colleagues in the field for relevant articles.
Selection criteria
We included cluster randomized controlled trials (cluster‐RCTs), controlled before‐and‐after trials with at least one year of baseline data, and randomized cross‐over trials that compared LSM with no LSM for malaria control. We excluded trials that evaluated biological control of anopheline mosquitoes with larvivorous fish.
Data collection and analysis
At least two authors assessed each trial for eligibility. We extracted data and at least two authors independently determined the risk of bias in the included studies. We resolved all disagreements through discussion with a third author. We analyzed the data using Review Manager 5 software.
Main results
We included 13 studies; four cluster‐RCTs, eight controlled before‐and‐after trials, and one randomized cross‐over trial. The included studies evaluated habitat modification (one study), habitat modification with larviciding (two studies), habitat manipulation (one study), habitat manipulation plus larviciding (two studies), or larviciding alone (seven studies) in a wide variety of habitats and countries.
Malaria incidence
In two cluster‐RCTs undertaken in Sri Lanka, larviciding of abandoned mines, streams, irrigation ditches, and rice paddies reduced malaria incidence by around three‐quarters compared to the control (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.31, 20,124 participants, two trials, moderate quality evidence). In three controlled before‐and‐after trials in urban and rural India and rural Kenya, results were inconsistent (98,233 participants, three trials, very low quality evidence). In one trial in urban India, the removal of domestic water containers together with weekly larviciding of canals and stagnant pools reduced malaria incidence by three quarters. In one trial in rural India and one trial in rural Kenya, malaria incidence was higher at baseline in intervention areas than in controls. However dam construction in India, and larviciding of streams and swamps in Kenya, reduced malaria incidence to levels similar to the control areas. In one additional randomized cross‐over trial in the flood plains of the Gambia River, where larval habitats were extensive and ill‐defined, larviciding by ground teams did not result in a statistically significant reduction in malaria incidence (2039 participants, one trial).
Parasite prevalence
In one cluster‐RCT from Sri Lanka, larviciding reduced parasite prevalence by almost 90% (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.22, 2963 participants, one trial, moderate quality evidence). In five controlled before‐and‐after trials in Greece, India, the Philippines, and Tanzania, LSM resulted in an average reduction in parasite prevalence of around two‐thirds (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.55, 8041 participants, five trials, moderate quality evidence). The interventions in these five trials included dam construction to reduce larval habitats, flushing of streams, removal of domestic water containers, and larviciding. In the randomized cross‐over trial in the flood plains of the Gambia River, larviciding by ground teams did not significantly reduce parasite prevalence (2039 participants, one trial).
Authors' conclusions
In Africa and Asia, LSM is another policy option, alongside LLINs and IRS, for reducing malaria morbidity in both urban and rural areas where a sufficient proportion of larval habitats can be targeted. Further research is needed to evaluate whether LSM is appropriate or feasible in parts of rural Africa where larval habitats are more extensive.
16 April 2019
Update pending
Studies awaiting assessment
The CIDG is currently examining a new search conducted up to 15 Aug, 2018 for potentially relevant studies. These studies have not yet been incorporated into this Cochrane Review.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1465-1858</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1469-493X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1465-1858</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-493X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008923.pub2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23986463</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Animals ; Blood disorders ; Child health ; Culicidae ; Disease Reservoirs ; Disease Reservoirs - parasitology ; Disease Vectors ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Infectious disease ; Insecticides ; Larva ; Malaria ; Malaria - prevention & control ; Malaria: prevention ; Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Control - methods ; Prevention ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - methods ; Vector Control</subject><ispartof>Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013-08, Vol.2016 (1), p.CD008923</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4732-12c74ab600d3270298c76a1eae3e6f9668b9e3fa7fb8c45c707832aa5e079f443</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4732-12c74ab600d3270298c76a1eae3e6f9668b9e3fa7fb8c45c707832aa5e079f443</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986463$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tusting, Lucy S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thwing, Julie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sinclair, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fillinger, Ulrike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gimnig, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bonner, Kimberly E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bottomley, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lindsay, Steven W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thwing, Julie</creatorcontrib><title>Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria</title><title>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</title><addtitle>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</addtitle><description>Background
Malaria is an important cause of illness and death in people living in many parts of the world, especially sub‐Saharan Africa. Long‐lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduce malaria transmission by targeting the adult mosquito vector and are key components of malaria control programmes. However, mosquito numbers may also be reduced by larval source management (LSM), which targets mosquito larvae as they mature in aquatic habitats. This is conducted by permanently or temporarily reducing the availability of larval habitats (habitat modification and habitat manipulation), or by adding substances to standing water that either kill or inhibit the development of larvae (larviciding).
Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness of mosquito LSM for preventing malaria.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; CABS s; and LILACS up to 24 October 2012. We handsearched the Tropical Diseases Bulletin from 1900 to 2010, the archives of the World Health Organization (up to 11 February 2011), and the literature database of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (up to 2 March 2011). We also contacted colleagues in the field for relevant articles.
Selection criteria
We included cluster randomized controlled trials (cluster‐RCTs), controlled before‐and‐after trials with at least one year of baseline data, and randomized cross‐over trials that compared LSM with no LSM for malaria control. We excluded trials that evaluated biological control of anopheline mosquitoes with larvivorous fish.
Data collection and analysis
At least two authors assessed each trial for eligibility. We extracted data and at least two authors independently determined the risk of bias in the included studies. We resolved all disagreements through discussion with a third author. We analyzed the data using Review Manager 5 software.
Main results
We included 13 studies; four cluster‐RCTs, eight controlled before‐and‐after trials, and one randomized cross‐over trial. The included studies evaluated habitat modification (one study), habitat modification with larviciding (two studies), habitat manipulation (one study), habitat manipulation plus larviciding (two studies), or larviciding alone (seven studies) in a wide variety of habitats and countries.
Malaria incidence
In two cluster‐RCTs undertaken in Sri Lanka, larviciding of abandoned mines, streams, irrigation ditches, and rice paddies reduced malaria incidence by around three‐quarters compared to the control (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.31, 20,124 participants, two trials, moderate quality evidence). In three controlled before‐and‐after trials in urban and rural India and rural Kenya, results were inconsistent (98,233 participants, three trials, very low quality evidence). In one trial in urban India, the removal of domestic water containers together with weekly larviciding of canals and stagnant pools reduced malaria incidence by three quarters. In one trial in rural India and one trial in rural Kenya, malaria incidence was higher at baseline in intervention areas than in controls. However dam construction in India, and larviciding of streams and swamps in Kenya, reduced malaria incidence to levels similar to the control areas. In one additional randomized cross‐over trial in the flood plains of the Gambia River, where larval habitats were extensive and ill‐defined, larviciding by ground teams did not result in a statistically significant reduction in malaria incidence (2039 participants, one trial).
Parasite prevalence
In one cluster‐RCT from Sri Lanka, larviciding reduced parasite prevalence by almost 90% (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.22, 2963 participants, one trial, moderate quality evidence). In five controlled before‐and‐after trials in Greece, India, the Philippines, and Tanzania, LSM resulted in an average reduction in parasite prevalence of around two‐thirds (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.55, 8041 participants, five trials, moderate quality evidence). The interventions in these five trials included dam construction to reduce larval habitats, flushing of streams, removal of domestic water containers, and larviciding. In the randomized cross‐over trial in the flood plains of the Gambia River, larviciding by ground teams did not significantly reduce parasite prevalence (2039 participants, one trial).
Authors' conclusions
In Africa and Asia, LSM is another policy option, alongside LLINs and IRS, for reducing malaria morbidity in both urban and rural areas where a sufficient proportion of larval habitats can be targeted. Further research is needed to evaluate whether LSM is appropriate or feasible in parts of rural Africa where larval habitats are more extensive.
16 April 2019
Update pending
Studies awaiting assessment
The CIDG is currently examining a new search conducted up to 15 Aug, 2018 for potentially relevant studies. These studies have not yet been incorporated into this Cochrane Review.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Blood disorders</subject><subject>Child health</subject><subject>Culicidae</subject><subject>Disease Reservoirs</subject><subject>Disease Reservoirs - parasitology</subject><subject>Disease Vectors</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infectious disease</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Larva</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malaria - prevention & control</subject><subject>Malaria: prevention</subject><subject>Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences</subject><subject>Mosquito Control</subject><subject>Mosquito Control - methods</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</subject><subject>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - methods</subject><subject>Vector Control</subject><issn>1465-1858</issn><issn>1469-493X</issn><issn>1465-1858</issn><issn>1469-493X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RWY</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUMtOAjEUbYxGEP0FMks3g31NHxsTxWeCcaPrppQOjOlMoWUw_L0lPIJuXN2bnHPPOfcA0EdwgCDEN4iyAolCDIYPEAqJyWDejvEJ6G6AfIOcHu0dcBHjF4SESczPQQcTKRhlpAvkm4-Ltlr6zOmw0i6Lvg3GZrVu9NTWtllmpQ-Z8c0yeOeqZpqgRK30JTgrtYv2ajd74PPp8WP4ko_en1-Hd6PcUE5wjrDhVI8ZhBOCOcRSGM40stoSy0rJmBhLS0rNy7EwtDAcckGw1oWFXJaUkh643eqmB2s7MSlS0E7NQ1XrsFZeV-o30lQzNfUrRRmTTKAkcL0TCH7R2rhUdRWNdU431rdRIZpCUYaRSFS2pZrgYwy2PNggqDa9q33vat_7xhynw_5xyMPZvuhEuN8Svitn18p4MwvJ_x_dPy4_jnmUFw</recordid><startdate>20130829</startdate><enddate>20130829</enddate><creator>Tusting, Lucy S</creator><creator>Thwing, Julie</creator><creator>Sinclair, David</creator><creator>Fillinger, Ulrike</creator><creator>Gimnig, John</creator><creator>Bonner, Kimberly E</creator><creator>Bottomley, Christian</creator><creator>Lindsay, Steven W</creator><creator>Thwing, Julie</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><scope>7PX</scope><scope>RWY</scope><scope>ZYTZH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130829</creationdate><title>Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria</title><author>Tusting, Lucy S ; Thwing, Julie ; Sinclair, David ; Fillinger, Ulrike ; Gimnig, John ; Bonner, Kimberly E ; Bottomley, Christian ; Lindsay, Steven W ; Thwing, Julie</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4732-12c74ab600d3270298c76a1eae3e6f9668b9e3fa7fb8c45c707832aa5e079f443</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Blood disorders</topic><topic>Child health</topic><topic>Culicidae</topic><topic>Disease Reservoirs</topic><topic>Disease Reservoirs - parasitology</topic><topic>Disease Vectors</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infectious disease</topic><topic>Insecticides</topic><topic>Larva</topic><topic>Malaria</topic><topic>Malaria - prevention & control</topic><topic>Malaria: prevention</topic><topic>Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences</topic><topic>Mosquito Control</topic><topic>Mosquito Control - methods</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</topic><topic>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - methods</topic><topic>Vector Control</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tusting, Lucy S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thwing, Julie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sinclair, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fillinger, Ulrike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gimnig, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bonner, Kimberly E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bottomley, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lindsay, Steven W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thwing, Julie</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Cochrane Library</collection><collection>Cochrane Library</collection><collection>Cochrane Library (Open Aceess)</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tusting, Lucy S</au><au>Thwing, Julie</au><au>Sinclair, David</au><au>Fillinger, Ulrike</au><au>Gimnig, John</au><au>Bonner, Kimberly E</au><au>Bottomley, Christian</au><au>Lindsay, Steven W</au><au>Thwing, Julie</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria</atitle><jtitle>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</jtitle><addtitle>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</addtitle><date>2013-08-29</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>2016</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>CD008923</spage><pages>CD008923-</pages><issn>1465-1858</issn><issn>1469-493X</issn><eissn>1465-1858</eissn><eissn>1469-493X</eissn><abstract>Background
Malaria is an important cause of illness and death in people living in many parts of the world, especially sub‐Saharan Africa. Long‐lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduce malaria transmission by targeting the adult mosquito vector and are key components of malaria control programmes. However, mosquito numbers may also be reduced by larval source management (LSM), which targets mosquito larvae as they mature in aquatic habitats. This is conducted by permanently or temporarily reducing the availability of larval habitats (habitat modification and habitat manipulation), or by adding substances to standing water that either kill or inhibit the development of larvae (larviciding).
Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness of mosquito LSM for preventing malaria.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; CABS s; and LILACS up to 24 October 2012. We handsearched the Tropical Diseases Bulletin from 1900 to 2010, the archives of the World Health Organization (up to 11 February 2011), and the literature database of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (up to 2 March 2011). We also contacted colleagues in the field for relevant articles.
Selection criteria
We included cluster randomized controlled trials (cluster‐RCTs), controlled before‐and‐after trials with at least one year of baseline data, and randomized cross‐over trials that compared LSM with no LSM for malaria control. We excluded trials that evaluated biological control of anopheline mosquitoes with larvivorous fish.
Data collection and analysis
At least two authors assessed each trial for eligibility. We extracted data and at least two authors independently determined the risk of bias in the included studies. We resolved all disagreements through discussion with a third author. We analyzed the data using Review Manager 5 software.
Main results
We included 13 studies; four cluster‐RCTs, eight controlled before‐and‐after trials, and one randomized cross‐over trial. The included studies evaluated habitat modification (one study), habitat modification with larviciding (two studies), habitat manipulation (one study), habitat manipulation plus larviciding (two studies), or larviciding alone (seven studies) in a wide variety of habitats and countries.
Malaria incidence
In two cluster‐RCTs undertaken in Sri Lanka, larviciding of abandoned mines, streams, irrigation ditches, and rice paddies reduced malaria incidence by around three‐quarters compared to the control (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.31, 20,124 participants, two trials, moderate quality evidence). In three controlled before‐and‐after trials in urban and rural India and rural Kenya, results were inconsistent (98,233 participants, three trials, very low quality evidence). In one trial in urban India, the removal of domestic water containers together with weekly larviciding of canals and stagnant pools reduced malaria incidence by three quarters. In one trial in rural India and one trial in rural Kenya, malaria incidence was higher at baseline in intervention areas than in controls. However dam construction in India, and larviciding of streams and swamps in Kenya, reduced malaria incidence to levels similar to the control areas. In one additional randomized cross‐over trial in the flood plains of the Gambia River, where larval habitats were extensive and ill‐defined, larviciding by ground teams did not result in a statistically significant reduction in malaria incidence (2039 participants, one trial).
Parasite prevalence
In one cluster‐RCT from Sri Lanka, larviciding reduced parasite prevalence by almost 90% (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.22, 2963 participants, one trial, moderate quality evidence). In five controlled before‐and‐after trials in Greece, India, the Philippines, and Tanzania, LSM resulted in an average reduction in parasite prevalence of around two‐thirds (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.55, 8041 participants, five trials, moderate quality evidence). The interventions in these five trials included dam construction to reduce larval habitats, flushing of streams, removal of domestic water containers, and larviciding. In the randomized cross‐over trial in the flood plains of the Gambia River, larviciding by ground teams did not significantly reduce parasite prevalence (2039 participants, one trial).
Authors' conclusions
In Africa and Asia, LSM is another policy option, alongside LLINs and IRS, for reducing malaria morbidity in both urban and rural areas where a sufficient proportion of larval habitats can be targeted. Further research is needed to evaluate whether LSM is appropriate or feasible in parts of rural Africa where larval habitats are more extensive.
16 April 2019
Update pending
Studies awaiting assessment
The CIDG is currently examining a new search conducted up to 15 Aug, 2018 for potentially relevant studies. These studies have not yet been incorporated into this Cochrane Review.</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>23986463</pmid><doi>10.1002/14651858.CD008923.pub2</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1465-1858 |
| ispartof | Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013-08, Vol.2016 (1), p.CD008923 |
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| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4669681 |
| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Cochrane Library; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Animals Blood disorders Child health Culicidae Disease Reservoirs Disease Reservoirs - parasitology Disease Vectors Ecosystem Humans Infectious disease Insecticides Larva Malaria Malaria - prevention & control Malaria: prevention Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences Mosquito Control Mosquito Control - methods Prevention Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - methods Vector Control |
| title | Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria |
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