Novel Biomarkers of Cardiac Stress, Cardiovascular Dysfunction, and Outcomes in HIV-Infected Individuals

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine whether biomarkers ST2, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity troponin I are elevated in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and are associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and all-cause mortality. Background HIV-infected patients have high rates of cardiovascular disease. Markers of myocardial stress may identify at-risk patients and provide additional prognostic information. Methods Biomarkers and echocardiograms were assessed in 332 HIV-infected patients and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was defined as ejection fraction