Transcriptome analysis of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase A–regulated genes reveals the production of the novel natural compound fumipyrrole by Aspergillus fumigatus

Summary Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus causing life‐threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Adaptation to different habitats and also virulence of the fungus depends on signal perception and transduction by modules such as the cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Here, by transcriptome analysis, 632 differentially regulated genes of this important signaling cascade were identified, including 23 putative transcriptional regulators. The highest upregulated transcription factor gene was located in a previously unknown secondary metabolite gene cluster, which we named fmp, encoding an incomplete non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase, FmpE. Overexpression of the regulatory gene fmpR using the TetOn system led to the specific expression of the other six genes of the fmp cluster. Metabolic profiling of wild type and fmpR overexpressing strain by HPLC‐DAD and HPLC‐HRESI‐MS and structure elucidation by NMR led to identification of 5‐benzyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic acid, which we named fumipyrrole. Fumipyrrole was not described as natural product yet. Chemical synthesis of fumipyrrole confirmed its structure. Interestingly, deletion of fmpR or fmpE led to reduced growth and sporulation of the mutant strains. Although fmp cluster genes were transcribed in infected mouse lungs, deletion of fmpR resulted in wild‐type virulence in a murine infection model. Virulence of the human‐pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus depends on the cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Transcriptome analysis of a PKA overproducing strain identified differentially regulated target genes of this signaling cascade including a previously unknown, silent secondary metabolite gene cluster, which we named fmp, encoding the incomplete non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase FmpE. Metabolic profiling of a strain overexpressing the cluster‐specific transcriptional regulatory gene fmpR led to identification of the novel natural product fumipyrrole (5‐benzyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic acid).