Functional and biochemical interaction of the HTLV‐I Tax1 transactivator with TBP

The human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I) codes for the potent transcriptional activator, Tax1, which induces the enhancer activity of various enhancer elements. In the case of the 21 bp enhancer of the HTLV‐I provirus, this induction is correlated with the association of Tax1 with this DNA element via a specific cellular factor. That the indirect association of Tax1 with DNA can lead to transcriptional activation has also been supported by the study of chimeric GAL4‐Tax1 proteins. The GAL4‐Tax1 stimulatory effect exhibits a strong self‐squelching. In order to determine whether Tax1 interacts directly with the general transcription factors or via intermediary molecules, we have analyzed how overexpression of the TATA binding protein (TBP) and TFIIB protein affects the squelching curve of GAL4‐Tax1. The data presented here show that overexpression of TBP strongly increases the stimulatory effect of GAL4‐Tax1, causes a displacement of the maximum of the squelching curve and partially alleviates the squelching. Under similar conditions TFIIB exhibited little effect. From these results we conclude that Tax1 can increase the recruitment of TBP by directly interacting with this protein. Biochemical experiments with purified proteins produced in bacteria confirmed that Tax1 can interact with TBP but not with TFIIB. Tax1 interacts with the conserved C‐terminal part of TBP. Analysis of the ability of different mutants of Tax1 fused to the GAL4 DNA binding domain to activate transcription and to associate with TBP, showed that these activities are correlated. However, since one transcriptionally inactive mutant was able to interact efficiently with TBP in vitro, it would appear that an event other than the Tax1‐TBP contact also intervenes in the activation of transcription by Tax1.