MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, enhances LDL uptake in HepG2 cells in vitro by regulating LDLR and PCSK9 expression

Aim： Expression of liver low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDLR）, a determinant regulator in cholesterol homeostasis, is tightly controlled at multiple levels. The aim of this study was to examine whether proteasome inhibition could affect LDLR expression and LDL uptake in liver cells in vitro. Methods： HepG2 cells were examined. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. DiI-LDL uptake assay was used to quantify the LDLR function. Luciferase assay system was used to detect the activity of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 （PCSK9, a major protein mediating LDLR degradation） promoter. Specific siRNAs were used to verify the involvement of PCSK9. Results： Treatment of HepG2 cells with the specific proteasome inhibitor MG132 （0.03-3 μmol/L） dose-dependently increased LDLR mRNA and protein levels, as well as LDL uptake. Short-term treatment with MG132 （0.3 μmol/L, up to 8 h） significantly increased both LDLR mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells, which was blocked by the specific PKC inhibitors GF 109203X, G6 6983 or staurosporine. In contrast, a longer treatment with MG132 （0.3 pmol/L, 24 h） did not change LDLR mRNA, but markedly increased LDLR protein by reducing PCSK9-mediated lysosome LDLR degradation. Furthermore, MG132 time-dependently suppressed PCSK9 expression in the HepG2 cells through a SREBP-lc related pathway. Combined treatment with MG132 （0.3 μmol/L） and pravastatin （5 μmol/L） strongly promoted LDLR expression and LDL uptake in HepG2 cells, and blocked the upregulation of PCSK9 caused by pravastatin alone. Conclusion： Inhibition of proteasome by MG132 in HepG2 ceils plays dual roles in LDLR and PCSK9 expression, and exerts a beneficial effect on cholesterol homeostasis.