Covalent protein binding and tissue distribution of houttuynin in rats after intravenous administration of sodium houttuyfonate

Aim： To investigate the potential of houttuynin to covalently bind to proteins in vitro and in vivo and to identify the adduct structures. Methods： Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenously injected with sodium houttuyfonate （10 mg/kg）. The concentrations of hout- tuynin in blood, plasma and five tissues tested were determined using an LC/MS/MS method. The covalent binding values of hout- tuynin with hemoglobin, plasma and tissue proteins were measured in rats after intravenous injection of [1-14^C]sodium houttuyfonate （10 mg/kg, 150 mCi/kg）. Human serum albumin was used as model protein to identify the modification site（s） and structure（s） through enzymatic digestion and LC/MSn analysis. Results： The drug was widely distributed 10 min after intravenous injection by the heart and kidneys with significantly higher concentrations than that The lungs were the preferred site for disposition, followed n the plasma. The extent of covalent binding was correlated with the respective concentrations in the tissues, ranging from 1137 nmol/g protein in lung to 266 nmol/g protein in liver. Houttuynin reacted primarily with arginine residues in human serum albumin to form a pyrimidine adduct at 1：1 molar ratio. The same adduct was detected in rat lungs digested by pronase E. Conclusion： This study showed that the 13-keto aldehyde moiety in houttuynin is strongly electrophilic and readily confers covalent binding to tissue proteins, especially lung proteins, by a Schiff＇s base mechanism. The findings explain partially the idiosyncratic reactions of houttuyniae injection in clinical use.