Distinct Orai-coupling domains in STIM1 and STIM2 define the Orai-activating site

STIM1 and STIM2 are widely expressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+ sensor proteins able to translocate within the ER membrane to physically couple with and gate plasma membrane Orai Ca 2+ channels. Although they are structurally similar, we reveal critical differences in the function of the short STIM-Orai-activating regions (SOAR) of STIM1 and STIM2. We narrow these differences in Orai1 gating to a strategically exposed phenylalanine residue (Phe-394) in SOAR1, which in SOAR2 is substituted by a leucine residue. Remarkably, in full-length STIM1, replacement of Phe-394 with the dimensionally similar but polar histidine head group prevents both Orai1 binding and gating, creating an Orai1 non-agonist. Thus, this residue is critical in tuning the efficacy of Orai activation. While STIM1 is a full Orai1-agonist, leucine-replacement of this crucial residue in STIM2 endows it with partial agonist properties, which may be critical for limiting Orai1 activation stemming from its enhanced sensitivity to store-depletion. STIM proteins are key regulators of intracellular Ca 2+ signalling. Here, Wang et al . demonstrate that subtle differences between STIM1 and its close homologue STIM2 have profound consequences for their ability to gate Orai1 Ca 2+ channels, thus revealing the basis for their distinct physiological functions.