Real-time monitoring of cell mechanical changes induced by endothelial cell activation and their subsequent binding with leukemic cell lines

Endothelial cell (EC) activation and their subsequent binding with different cells have various mechanical consequences that, if monitored real time, can serve as a functional biomarker of many pathophysiological response mechanisms. This work presents an innovative and facile strategy to conduct such monitoring using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), thereby relating the shifts in its frequency and motional resistance to morphological changes upon cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions. By activating ECs with TNF-α and then characterizing their binding with HL-60 and KG-1 leukemia cells, we are able to induce the mechanical changes in ECs especially in the region of cell–substrate contact which resulted in dynamically coupled mass and viscoelastic changes representing the extent of both activation and binding. The activated ECs suffered a decrease of cellular contact area, leading to positive frequency shift and decreased motional resistance. The binding of leukemia cells onto pre-activated ECs exerted a mechanical force to regain the cell surface contact which resulted in the obvious QCM responses opposite to that of activation, and proportional to the number of cells added, in spite of the fact that these added cells are extremely outside the extinction boundary of the shear wave generated by QCM. Different cell lines demonstrate different attachment behavior, which was detected by the QCM. Despite these variations are quite subtle, yet the sensitivity of the technique for dynamic changes at the interface makes them detectable. Moreover, the reproducibility of the generated data determined at each step by deviation measurements (