Gold Nanostars For Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization

The controlled synthesis of high-yield gold nanostars of varying sizes, their characterization, and their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements are reported for the first time. Gold nanostars ranging from 45 to 116 nm in size were synthesized in high yield, geometrically and statistically modeled, and optically characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopy and UV−visible absorption spectroscopy. The nanostar characterization involved studying both morphology evolution over time and size as a function of nucleation (injected seed volume). The nanostar properties as substrates for SERS were investigated and compared with respect to size. As the overall star size increases, so does the core size, the number of branches and branch aspect ratio; the number of branch tips per star surface area decreases with increasing size. The stars become more inhomogeneous in shape, although their yield is high and overall size remains homogeneous. Variations in star size are also accompanied by shifts of the long plasmon band in the NIR region, which hints toward tuning capabilities that may be exploited in specific SERS applications. The measured SERS enhancement factors suggest an interesting correlation between nanostar size and SERS efficiencies and were relatively consistent across different star samples, with the enhancement factor estimated as 5 × 103 averaged over the 52-nm nanostars for 633-nm excitation.