EXTL2, a Member of the EXT Family of Tumor Suppressors, Controls Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis in a Xylose Kinase-dependent Manner

Mutant alleles of EXT1 or EXT2, two members of the EXT gene family, are causative agents in hereditary multiple exostoses, and their gene products function together as a polymerase in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate. EXTL2, one of three EXT-like genes in the human genome that are homologous to EXT1 and EXT2, encodes a transferase that adds not only GlcNAc but also N-acetylgalactosamine to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein linkage region via an α1,4-linkage. However, both the role of EXTL2 in the biosynthesis of GAGs and the biological significance of EXTL2 remain unclear. Here we show that EXTL2 transfers a GlcNAc residue to the tetrasaccharide linkage region that is phosphorylated by a xylose kinase 1 (FAM20B) and thereby terminates chain elongation. We isolated an oligosaccharide from the mouse liver, which was not detected in EXTL2 knock-out mice. Based on structural analysis by a combination of glycosidase digestion and 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy, the oligosaccharide was found to be GlcNAcα1-4GlcUAβ1–3Galβ1–3Galβ1–4Xyl(2-O-phosphate), which was considered to be a biosynthetic intermediate of an immature GAG chain. Indeed, EXTL2 specifically transferred a GlcNAc residue to a phosphorylated linkage tetrasaccharide, GlcUAβ1–3Galβ1–3Galβ1–4Xyl(2-O-phosphate). Remarkably, the phosphorylated linkage pentasaccharide generated by EXTL2 was not used as an acceptor for heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate polymerases. Moreover, production of GAGs was significantly higher in EXTL2 knock-out mice than in wild-type mice. These results indicate that EXTL2 functions to suppress GAG biosynthesis that is enhanced by a xylose kinase and that the EXTL2-dependent mechanism that regulates GAG biosynthesis might be a “quality control system” for proteoglycans. Background:EXTL2 is one of three EXT-like genes homologous to the tumor suppressor EXT gene family members and encodes an N-acetylhexosaminyltransferase. Results: EXTL2 terminated polymerization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains by transferring an N-acetylglucosamine residue to the phosphorylated tetrasaccharide linkage region. Conclusion: EXTL2 controlled GAG biosynthesis in a xylose kinase-dependent manner. Significance: Lack of EXTL2 causes GAG overproduction associated with pathological processes.