Mitochondrial morphology—emerging role in bioenergetics

Dynamic change in mitochondrial shape is a cellular process mediated mainly by fission and fusion of mitochondria. Studies have shown that mitochondrial fission and fusion are directly and indirectly associated with mitochondrial maintenance, bioenergetic demand, and cell death. Changes in mitochondrial morphology are frequently observed in response to changes in the surrounding cellular milieu, such as metabolic flux, that influence cellular bioenergetics. Connections between morphological regulation and the bioenergetic status of mitochondria are emerging as reciprocally responsive processes, though the nature of the signaling remains to be defined. Given the pivotal role mitochondria play in cellular fate, tight regulation of fission and fusion is therefore critical to preserving normal cellular physiology. Here we describe recent advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms governing mitochondrial morphology and their emerging role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. [Display omitted] ► Mitochondrial morphology is responsive to the surrounding cellular milieu. ► Deformed mitochondrial morphology is coincident with many disease pathologies. ► Mitochondrial morphology has a reciprocal relationship with bioenergetic status. ► Manipulating mitochondrial fission and fusion can be used as a therapeutic strategy.