Frequency, Severity, and Prediction of Tuberculous Meningitis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Background. Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a common cause of deterioration in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—infected patients receiving tuberculosis treatment after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). Potentially life-threatening neurological involvement occurs frequently and has been suggested as a reason to defer ART. Methods. We conducted a prospective study of HIV-infected, ART-naive patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). At presentation, patients started tuberculosis treatment and prednisone; ART was initiated 2 weeks later. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared between patients who developed TBM-IRIS (TBM-IRIS patients) and those who did not (non-TBM-IRIS patients). A logistic regression model was developed to predict TBM-IRIS. Results. Forty-seven percent (16/34) of TBM patients developed TBM-IRIS, which manifested with severe features of inflammation. At TBM diagnosis, TBM-IRIS patients had higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neutrophil counts compared with non-TBM-IRIS patients (median, 50 vs 3 cells ×10 6 /L, P = .02). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from CSF of 15 TBM-IRIS patients (94%) compared with 6 non-TBM-IRIS patients (33%) at time of TBM diagnosis; relative risk of developing TBM-IRIS if CSF was Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture positive = 9.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–62.2). The combination of high CSF tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and low interferon (IFN)-γ at TBM diagnosis predicted TBM-IRIS (area under the curve = 0.91 [95% CI, .53–.99]). Conclusions. TBM-IRIS is a frequent, severe complication of ART in HIV-associated TBM and is characterized by high CSF neutrophil counts and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture positivity at TBM presentation. The combination of CSF IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations may predict TBM-IRIS and thereby be a means to individualize patients to early or deferred ART.