Intrinsic tethering activity of endosomal Rab proteins

Rab small G proteins regulate membrane trafficking events by recruiting effectors that mediate vesicle tethering. In vitro studies now suggest that Vps21 and other endosomal Rabs in budding yeast can undergo GTP-regulated Rab-Rab interactions that drive tethering in the absence of effectors, implying that they have an intrinsic tethering activity that may function in concert with conventional effectors. Rab small G proteins control membrane trafficking events required for many processes including secretion, lipid metabolism, antigen presentation and growth factor signaling. Rabs recruit effectors that mediate diverse functions including vesicle tethering and fusion. However, many mechanistic questions about Rab-regulated vesicle tethering are unresolved. Using chemically defined reaction systems, we discovered that Vps21, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog of mammalian endosomal Rab5, functions in trans with itself and with at least two other endosomal Rabs to directly mediate GTP-dependent tethering. Vps21-mediated tethering was stringently and reversibly regulated by an upstream activator, Vps9, and an inhibitor, Gyp1, which were sufficient to drive dynamic cycles of tethering and detethering. These experiments reveal a previously undescribed mode of tethering by endocytic Rabs. In our working model, the intrinsic tethering capacity Vps21 operates in concert with conventional effectors and SNAREs to drive efficient docking and fusion.