Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Psoriasis Enables Keratinocyte Reactivity against TLR9 Ligands

Here we show that keratinocytes in psoriatic lesional skin express increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 that similarly localizes with elevated expression of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37. In culture, normal human keratinocytes exposed to LL-37 increased TLR9 expression. Furthermore, when keratinocytes were exposed to LL-37 and subsequently treated with TLR9 ligands, such as CpG or genomic DNA, they greatly increased production of type I IFNs. This response mimicked observations in the epidermis of psoriatic lesional skin as keratinocytes in psoriatic lesions produce greater amounts of IFN-β than normal skin lacking LL-37. The mechanism for induction of type I IFNs in keratinocytes was dependent on TLR9 expression but not on a DNA–LL-37 complex. These findings suggest that keratinocytes recognize and respond to DNA and can actively participate in contributing to the immunological environment that characterizes psoriasis.