A Cell–Molecular Approach Predicts Vertebrate Evolution

In contrast to the conventional use of genes to determine the evolution of phenotypes, we have functionally integrated epithelial–mesenchymal interactions that have facilitated lung phylogeny and ontogeny in response to major geologic epochs. As such, this model reveals the underlying principles of lung physiology based on the evolutionary interactions between internal and external selection pressures, providing a novel understanding of lung biology. As a result, it predicts how cell–molecular changes in this process can cause disease and offers counterintuitive insights to diagnosis and treatment based on evolutionary principles.