The heterogeneity and dynamic equilibrium of rat embryonic stem cells

Dear Editor, Embryonic stem cells （ESCs） are pluripotent cells established from early stage embryos that maintain the ability to differentiate into three-germ layer cells. This unique characteristic is the basis for various applications of ESC technology. To successfully use ESCs in these applications, researchers have explored a variety of in vitro methods to maintain the self-perpetuating, naive, undifferentiated state during long-term culture of ESCs.